Native Americans

Native american music

2012-01-24T02:06:00.000-08:00

As a fact, it is not so difficult to recognise traditional native american music as it seems to be. Actualy, it includes typical vocalization and percussion, which are easily recognizible. The tradition native americans song begins slowly and becomes faster as the sounds of drum appears.

The best place for holidays with children

2012-01-24T01:09:00.000-08:00

Actually, holiday time is one of the most expectable time of the year. Plenty of people all over the world are waiting for the period eagerly and are making plans for the time. As a fact, there are a lot of ways to spend your holidays. Some people choose active leisure activities, other prefer staying at home by the tv with a cup of hot tea in their hand. However, the majority of people are planning to spend their holidays by the sea, where they can sunbathe, swim and just enjoy the sunny weather. It is probably the best way to calm your nerves and rest in quiet.
In fact, there is wide range of destinations, where you spend your holiday time. Some of them are suitable for those, who enjoy partying all night long, while the other are perfect for families. As a matter of fact, Caribbean is one of the places, where you can rest with your family members or close friends. Besides a wonderful beaches, luxurous hotels and amazing service, the destination have much more advantages. The islands are well-known for their cosy and uatmosphere and quiet atmophere. It is the reason why plenty of couples choose the place for their holiday. In addition to this, if you want to be sure that the shoutings of children will not disturb your peaceful holiday, you can simply choose one one the hotels, which do not permit children.
However, if you have children yourself, it would be truly reasonable to stay a hotel, which includes special children facitilities. As a fact, it would be useful both for you and your child. In this way, you will be able to spend your time sunbathing and swimming in the sea while your child will be occupated with various sports and other activities.
All in all, the Carribean are the perfect choice for those, who value quiet and want to spend holidays with children at the same time.

Native American Indian Music

2009-08-21T09:11:00.000-07:00

Author: Avicenna

The music of the Native American Indians consists mostly of songs and dances. They have songs for games, children, love, work and social dancing. But most of their music is associated with some kind of religious activity.

RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES
Before 1900 the Plains Indians performed the ghost dance. It was supposed to drive away the hated white men and help the Native Americans get back their land and buffalo. It consisted mainly of singing and dancing. Although the Native Americans do not do the ghost dance anymore, they still sing the songs.

Ghost dance songs are different from other songs of the Plains Indians. They do not go very high or very low, and they repeat each phrase of melody before going on to the next. The older songs of the Plains Indians start very high and work their way down to a low, long, drawn-out tone. These songs are accompanied by a drum played loudly and slowly.

Another religious dance of the Plains Indians is the Sun dance. The Plains dance around a pole in the summer heat, singing and praying for good hunting. The Arapaho and Dakota Indians sing some of their most impressive songs during this dance.

Music is also used in ceremonies to heal the sick. One example is the famous Yeibichai, or night chant, of the Navajo Indians – ceremony lasting 9 nights. In addition to prayers it includes dances and songs sung by men with falsetto, or artificially high, voices.

Another example of healing by music comes from Yuma Indians of the southwestern United States. People who are feeling disturbed go to a hut away from their settlement for a few weeks. Here they make up songs. They think that the songs come to them in dreams or from the god that created the world. When they return, they feel cured.

Characteristic of Native American Indian Songs
Although they have no harmony and few melody-making instruments, the Native Americans do use intricate melodies. In the eastern United States the Shawnee and the Creek tribes have songs in which a short bit of melody is sung alternately by a leader and a group. This kind of singing is called responsorial.

In many tribes, especially those of the Plains Indians, the singers put a great deal of tension of their vocal chords. The result is a kind of frenzied, intense tone. In some of the Pueblo tribes, singing in a low, growling voice is preferred. Elsewhere, singing in a high voice is heard.

Many songs of the Plains Indians are made up of two parts. In the first part the singer starts high and gradually works his way down the scale, singing only meaningless syllables, such as "hey-hey" or "ho-ho". Then he starts high again, singing the real words of the song. He ends on low tones, again with meaningless syllables.

A typical song of the Arapaho Indians has words like these: "Man, look up here, I am the bird," and "Young man it is good that you are going on a war party; when you become a chief, you will be famous."

TRIBAL MUSICIAN
Most members of a tribe participate in the musical life of the tribe. But there are usually no professional musicians. Often the people important in the religious ceremonies – the priests, shamans or witch doctors – are the leaders of the musical life. As in the vision quest of the Plains Indians, many young men make up songs.

Most members of a tribe can sing and know many songs, but not so many can play instruments. A good singer in one tribe may not be considered good in another tribe. Some tribes think the quality of the voice is most important. Others think it is the loudness.

Music as valuable treasures
Many Native American Indians tribes think of their songs as treasured possessions. They believe that a song belongs to a person. The owner of a song can give it away, sell it or pass it on his children. The Native Americans of the northwest coast buy and sell songs for large sums. They believe that music is something of the spirit and that a song has something to do with a person’s soul. So to give a song away, or even to let someone hear it, is to give away part of one’s soul.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/music-articles/native-american-indian-music-820947.html

About the Author:

Avicenna : more about Mesoamerica as well as Mesoamerican and Native american Indian artifact, art and Jewelry.

Soothing Music: The Native American Flute

2009-08-19T09:09:00.000-07:00

Author: Ken Snodin

Native Americans are eager to share their ancestry with their families and friends. One of the ways they do this is through their music, particularly through the music of the Native American flute. They want to ensure that their children have a strong link with their ancient culture, and music is an excellent way to teach non-Native Americans about this culture as well.

Mothers of small children often find that Native American flute music is very soothing for their babies. It seems to have a tranquil and calming effect on children. Songs played on the Native American flute can be introduced during naptime and before bedtime to calm children down. The music often puts children to sleep within just a few minutes. Experts have also recommended Native American flute music to families with small babies that have a hard time getting to sleep.

This music also represents an excellent tool for calming down a baby in situations where there may be difficult transitions for such young children, such as when many visitors come to the home. It is often difficult for small babies to adjust to the confusion and noise created by a large number of people at special occasions, and playing Native American flute music can help to calm a baby down in these circumstances.

The music of the Native American flute is very soft, and it creates a wonderful, soothing background for many situations. It is just the sound for keeping babies calm when there are a lot of people in the environment. Babies seem to focus on the flute sounds instead of on the loud noises generated by crowds. Having flute music playing in a room makes it easier for them to adjust to visitors.

Of course, adults will also enjoy the music of the Native American flute. It is easy to find interesting and unique Native American flute music on the Internet, since many online stores offer selections of alternative music. It is also possible to purchase Native American flutes and sheet music. Several vendors offer musical compositions for the flute, and they sell Native American flutes as well.

Native American flute music is an excellent way to learn about and enjoy the special features of Native American culture. And since songs are often linked to memories, this music offers a good way to preserve the memory of special times.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/advertising-articles/soothing-music-the-native-american-flute-43237.html

About the Author:

To discover more about music, musicians and playing music go to http://music-advice.com

Native American Jewelry History

2009-08-17T09:07:00.000-07:00

Author: Double Dee

We all know that and to beautify the use of jewelry has been around since prehistoric times. And pearl necklaces of pearls called heishe, which were calculated from Santo Domingo for word hull, have been used for ages. Shells as thorny oysters shell, mother of pearl, abalone, clams and conch have been used in the preparation and logs were considered significant trade of south-west over a thousand years.

The use of silver in jewelry of the USA (Native American Jewelry) is not an old concept. It has been used since the early 1850, when Mexico has goldsmiths to exchange their silver jewelry for livestock of the Navajo. The Navajo blacksmiths in turn exchanged their skills to make money with the Zuni Indians for livestock. The Hopi tribe then takes the art of making money the Zuni in the 1890's. It is important to note that the Americans were in no way related to the mining of silver.

The styles of jewelry used by Indians USA:

Each Native American Indian tribe has its own style. Do not be confused by the jewelry which is claimed to be American Indian, but does not have the Navajo, Zuni, Hopi or styles of Santo Domingo. The Indian Zuni jewelry includes styles and techniques such as mosaic inlay chain, group, needlepoint and petit point. These techniques include using a variety of stones and seashells.

The Navajo Indian jewelers are well known for their popular squash necklaces of flowers. These jewelry artists are known for using pieces of turquoise, coral and other semi-precious stones and then these are surrounded by rolls, pearls and sheets of drawings based in sterling silver. Did you know that most of the Native American Jewelry product is made by the Navajos? Native American jewelry is the most popular because of the use of sterling silver and stones such as coral and turquoise.

The technique of layering is the style of the Hopi Indian Silversmiths. This is the technique that is used involving the creation of jewellery stones do. A sheet of silver engraved design, then it is welded or superimposed on the second sheet. The background is given a more somber by oxidizing and the top layer is polished.

Jewelry pearls is popular among Indians Santo Domingo and have been subjected to this type of jewelry for centuries. They use shells, turquoise, coral and jet stones in their jewelry. As mentioned previously, jewelry is made with sterling silver, which is normally a mixture of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. And the reason copper is added to the mix is because money is very mild and copper gives him more strength to develop different forms and textures.

South America West is an ideal place to find great Native American Indian jewelry. The Navajo tribe in Arizona and New Mexico and can easily be called the greatest of USA Indian reserve. The Hopi tribe is also in Arizona, while Santo Domingo and Zuni Pueblo, NM.

The skills and art of American Indian jewelry is transmitted generations and is highly coveted. Now there are schools who teach these skills who want to learn. Native American Indian Jewelry is a great way to make a bold statement.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/jewelry-articles/native-american-jewelry-history-623800.html

About the Author:

Native American jewelry including Native American silver jewelry at Double Dee Deals. We Offers you Native American Jewelry, Southwestern Turquoise Jewelry, Native American Necklaces, Native American Bracelets.

The Western Delaware Native American Tribe

2009-08-16T09:05:00.000-07:00

Author: Jacob Lumbroso

Western Delaware is a variation of a Southern Unami Native American dialect, taught by the Delaware Tribe of Indians. It is labeled Western because the language was used in the Western region of Oklahoma.

The Unami language in its original form - also known as Lenape 'is now an extinct language formerly hailing from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Delaware Tribe has struggled to create tapes of natives and make up lessons in order to save the Western Delaware element of the original Unami speech, as most residents in Oklahoma have shifted to speaking English in the present day. Only elders aged ninety and above maintain it on a day-to-day basis.

Western Delaware comes from Lenape (pronounced Leh-nah-pay), and the tribal name gets adopted to mean "the real people" (the Delaware part comes from the Delaware River, which frequents Lenape lands and was traveled on via canoes).

It is a language stemming from the Algonquian family. It has been said that the Western Delaware homelands are the original birthplace of the Algonquian language family, even being dubbed the "grandfather" by other tribes.

You may find it surprising to know that English contains roughly 150 Algonquian Indian words. This is impressive compared to how many we've borrowed from the much more widely spoken tongue of Russian (a mere fifty or so). We mainly inherited various animal names like caribou, moose, chipmunk, raccoon, muskrat, and skunk from the Algonquian relatives.

Plants such as hickory, pecan, persimmon, and squash and food meals including hominy and succotash are also examples. The prime Algonquian influence occurred in naming cities and states like Manhattan, Chesapeake, Connecticut, Mississippi, Missouri, and Wyoming. Some rivers may also bear the influence.

"N-" is a very simple prefix that shows possession in the Western Delaware language. When it comes to forming adjectives, however, the spellings change based on if the subject at hand is animate or intimate. The color yellow is translated as wisaw, for example, but "the yellow rock" is wisae, and "the yellow bird" is wisawsu.

One need not fret when learning the tongue and speaking it back to a native, however, as they will still probably understand you if you mix up the tenses a little, just as an English speaker could still comprehended "fighted" for "fought".

There are eleven thousand Lenape people in Oklahoma today, many of whom have been mistaken for Cherokee. They were signficantly effected by the various diseases Europeans brought over back in the day, and were also forced west by American expansion.

They only regained independent tribal status twelve years ago, and their language is also trying to be preserved by the Boy Scouts of America.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/the-western-delaware-native-american-tribe-527806.html

About the Author:

Jacob Lumbroso is a world traveler and an enthusiast for foreign languages, history, and foreign cultures. He writes articles on history and languages for and has used Pimsleur learning audio courses to learn various languages.

Authentic Native American Bracelet: A Style Statement

2009-08-15T09:04:00.000-07:00

Author: michaelrussell

Wearing the Native American Bracelet will make you feel closer to the traditional spirit of the American culture. The Native Jewelry attracts mostly those people who are the admirers of the classic and traditional accessories. The unfading and the magnificent look of these accessories make them unique and attractive.

The Native American accessories are basically made up of silver which is not a very expensive material as compared to the gold or platinum. The accessories available are the necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings, Concho belts, sets and bolo ties. But if you talk about the bracelets, there is a wide variety available with different designs and stones of all the shades, and colors. While making the bracelet, a variety of stones are used. The designs available are the stone, cut- out and flower and leaf design. There is also a possibility of customization of the Native American Bracelet as it is hand made. This gives the opportunity to make a design of your choice.

Another advantage of choosing the accessories which are made up of the silver material rather than the gold or platinum is that the silver has the quality of not getting rusted easily. It has the quality of rust and corrosion resistance which quality makes this Native Jewelry more durable and which will provide the long term benefits.

The Native American Bracelets can be sized easily by just squeezing only the ends together or separating them gently according to the size of your wrist. There may be some bracelets which are not flexible at all; they should not be bent at all. You have the choice from choosing the different styles of the Native American bracelets. The styles available are cuff, beaded and the cluster bracelets. Though most recently cuff bracelets are the most popular style among the people, it is totally up to your personal liking.

In terms of the price of the Native American Bracelets, each of the bracelets is based on the three most important things. Firstly, the price of the bracelet depends upon the cost of the sterling silver and that too at the time of the sale of the bracelet. Secondly, the price depends upon the cost of the stone that is embedded in the bracelet. Lastly, the price depends upon the total man hours which are needed for the construction of the beautiful bracelet.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/jewelry-articles/authentic-native-american-bracelet-a-style-statement-886343.html

About the Author:

Searching for the authentic store dealing in Native American jewelry, visit us. We offer a wide range of Native American bracelets in varied styles and designs. Our website is a hub to unique and stylish collection of Native American accessories.

The Ornaments of America: Native American Jewelry

2009-08-14T08:58:00.000-07:00

Author: Double Dee

The sooner the Americans have their own style of jewelry before others came to America and we sat that Native American Jewelry. They used the elements around them, such as feathers, stones, shells, bones and trimmings to make to wear.

In 1500 the French explorers were among the first in the U.S. trade glass beads, among other useful items they had never had, for their fur pelts. Native Americans seem to love using the colors of beads to make Native American jewelry and beautification of their clothing.

It was not until the 1850s that Americans began to acquire the necessary skills to craft jewelry from metals and gemstones. Before that, they often serve as copper and brass wire fashion jewelry and coins used as buttons. A man named Atsidi Saan learned the art of forging in Arizona to Fort Defiance.

What are more Native American jewelers can trace back to their jewelry techniques. In the 1860s the Navajo people were interned at Bosque Redondo for four years, but when they returned to the mess, they began to use new technologies that Saan had learned in the development of silver jewelry. Their tools were of type crude at the beginning and they use the money to melt coins for jewelry.

The Mexican peso has greater silver content, so it was the favorite to use. In the late 1890s, silver and turquoise jewelry Navajo fact was used to barter with traders coming from the reserves. This practice was stopped after 1950, but still outside the reserves.
The Native American jewelry had an apparent crudeness those collectors today to watch. As new and better tools available, the quality and design of Native American jewelry gradually improved and became the beautiful Jewelry hand it is today.

The two materials most prized by the first inhabitants of America's southwest have been shell and turquoise. To obtain these materials, far trade relations have been established. Historically, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the residents of Rio Grande villages with a leg on each side of the west coast of turquoise trade and other goods for shells and parrot feathers. Chimes turquoise was found in sites around Mexico and has probably been marketed through pueblos of Zuni tribes further south. Today, most of the turquoise is operated in Colorado and Nevada and shipped to the goldsmith workshops or purchased through trade shows by Navajo, Zuni or Hopi jewelers.

Much of this jewelry is extensively available in the Southwest itself as well as jewelry stores throughout the country and on the Internet. Rings, cuff bracelets, pendants, belt buckle and earrings are all items generally made from turquoise and silver.

Other elements such as coral, jasper, mother of pearl, jet and others are used in Native American jewelry today. This unique and original jewelry is generally a very reasonable price for the beautiful craft involved in making them. These Native American jewelry are own by many people today.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/jewelry-articles/the-ornaments-of-america-native-american-jewelry-704399.html

About the Author:

Native American Pendants including Native American Silver Jewelry at Double Dee Deals. We Offers you Native American Jewelry, Southwestern Turquoise Jewelry, Native American Necklaces, Native American Bracelets.

Authentic Native American jewelry

2009-08-14T08:56:00.000-07:00

Author: michaelrussell

Contemporary designs in Native American Jewelry will give you an elegant and stylish look. Native American jewelry is made with attractive gemstones, such as Turquoise, Wampum, Mother of Pearl and jade. Available in a diverse range of rings, bracelet and necklaces made of silver makes it really affordable.
Jewelry plays a crucial role especially for women. Authentic Native American Jewelry with a good range of designs and the use of precious stone will make a women look appealing. Native American Jewelry is handmade, and is available in sterling silver and many other precious stones and materials.
Collections in Native American Jewelry:

You can explore the wonderful range of Authentic Native American Necklaces that are available in a variety of designs. You can easily match a style of necklace with your dress and can wear on different occasions. The variety of necklaces includes turquoise necklaces, squash blossom necklaces, beaded necklaces and wampum beaded necklaces. Not only as a style statement, the native American necklaces possess many healing and caring properties.

If you wish to have a bracelet made of precious stones, since Native American bracelets are hand made, you can even customize your bracelet. Native American cuff bracelets are quite popular for their unique styles. In the earliest Native American paintings, one can find a glimpse of the Turquoise bracelet.

You can bring a spark in your ring ceremony with Native American rings. Presenting Turquoise and Wampum rings on any occasion will certainly make a wonderful gift.

Native American jewelry is well known for its Turquoise beaded style. Every piece is distinctive and exquisitely handcrafted from silver and semi-precious stones, which can also be customized according to your requirements.

The Native American Turquoise and Wampum earrings are all what is required to make you look stunning on occasions and parties. Like necklaces and bracelets, Native American earrings are too made from sterling silver and highest quality stones and are available in an enormous range of designs.

Make your own style statement with a Native American Western Concho belts and get them in any size and style. Hand made belts will change your entire look.

Bolo ties lover can find their favorite designs in The Native American Turquoise and Wampum Bolo ties.

With its styles and designs, Native American Jewelry can help you impress your peers and groom your personality. Native American Jewelry is a great combination of traditional, contemporary and fashionable designs.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/jewelry-articles/authentic-native-american-jewelry-886376.html

About the Author:

Always consider to buy authentic Native American jewelry with exclusive designs. If you are searching for a good range of Native American Necklaces then we provide you with all contemporary designs of Native American Accessories.

Sacred native american Rock Bon echo

2007-09-28T11:15:00.000-07:00

Visit the Friends of Bon Echo web site.

Long a favourite destination for painters and photographers, this park north of Napanee is renowned for Mazinaw Rock. This 1.5-kilometre sheer rock face rises 100 metres above Mazinaw Lake, one of the deepest lakes in Ontario, and features over 260 native pictographs – the largest visible collection in Canada. Spend a day or plan overnight adventures in this hiking and canoeing paradise of deep, blue lakes, sandy beaches, granite outcrops and lush green forests.

About American Indians

2007-02-21T06:23:00.000-08:00

Native American women concerned about fate of their culture, beliefs.
A group of Native American women - some full-blooded, some with mixed blood and others - meet this week in Hartwell.According to Skylar Swindoll, who heads the meeting Friday, Jan. 18, topics of discussion will be current issues related to "our American Indian culture, family, community, traditions and beliefs." ....>>>

Proposed landfill expansion runs afoul of Native American activists/
A proposed expansion of the region's most recognizable trash heap has angered local activists and Native Americans, who say the new mountain of garbage will be piled near, if not on, historic remains.
The Milam landfill in St. Clair County, just north of Interstate 55-70, will be full in roughly six years, and owner Waste Management of Illinois has plans for an adjacent 119-acre pile to the northeast.... >>>

Renzi Hails Senate’s Passage of Native American Language Preservation Act.

WASHINGTON, D.C. - U.S. Rep. Rick Renzi (AZ-01) today hailed the U.S. Senate’s passage of the Esther Martinez Languages Preservation Act, legislation that would support and strengthen Native American language immersion programs, including language nests, language survival schools, and language restoration programs.

“This bill is a tremendous step forward in protecting our Native languages,” said Congressman Renzi. “It is imperative that we preserve our first Americans’ linguistic and cultural heritage, and provide our Native children with the tools they need to become productive members of their communities.” .....>>>>

Northwest Native Indian Totem Pole

2007-02-21T05:51:00.000-08:00

Video clip showing a very large Northwest Native Indian totem pole on display at Montreal's McCord Museum.
Memorial poles were often placed in front of houses in honor of deceased chiefs. There were also mortuary poles made in the nineteenth century which housed at the top, the remains of important individuals.

Ghost Dance Movement

2007-02-21T05:37:00.000-08:00

CROW DOG, "Sunka Kangi", Brule' Sioux Chief (1832-1918)

Prominent Brule' leader in tribal affairs and in the Ghost Dance Movement, Crow Dog is remembered today for the killing of the famed Brule' chief Spotted Tail in August of 1881. Photograph by John A. Anderson, 1898

An Indian Conception of Courage

Dr. Charles Alexander Eastman, 1911 born Ohiyesa of the Santee Sioux, in 1858

It is well remembered that Crow Dog, who killed the Sioux chief, Spotted Tail, in 1881, calmly surrendered himself and was tried and convicted by the courts in South Dakota. After his conviction, he was permitted remarkable liberty in prison, such as perhaps no white man has ever enjoyed when under sentence of death.

The cause of his act was a solemn commission received from his people, nearly thirty years earlier, at the time that Spotted Tail usurped the chieftainship by the aid of the military, whom he had aided. Crow Dog was under a vow to slay the chief, in case he ever betrayed or disgraced the name of the Brule Sioux. There is no doubt that he had committed crimes both public and private, having been guilty of misuse of office as well as of gross offenses against morality; therefore his death was not a matter of personal vengeance but of just retribution.

A few days before Crow Dog was to be executed, he asked permission to visit his home and say farewell to his wife and twin boys, then nine or ten years old. Strange to say, the request was granted, and the condemned man sent home under escort of the deputy sheriff, who remained at the Indian agency, merely telling his prisoner to report there on the following day. When he did not appear the time set, the sheriff dispatched Indian police after him. They did not find him, and his wife simply said that Crow Dog had desired to ride alone to the prison, and would reach there on the day appointed. All doubt was removed next day by a telegram from Rapid City, two hundred miles distant, saying Crow Dog has just reported here."

The incident drew public attention to the Indian murderer, with the unexpected result that the case was reopened, and Crow Dog acquitted. He still lives, a well-preserved man of about seventy-five years, and is much respected among his own people.

It is said that, in the very early days, lying was a capital offense among us. Believing that the deliberate liar is capable of committing any crime behind the screen of cowardly untruth and double-dealing, the destroyer of mutual confidence was summarily put to death, that the evil might go no further.

Even the worst enemies of the Indian, those who accuse him of treachery, blood-thirstiness, cruelty, and lust, have not denied his courage but in their minds it is a courage is ignorant, brutal, and fantastic. His own conception of bravery makes of it a high moral virtue, for to him it consists not so much in aggressive self-assertion as in absolute self-control. The truly brave man, we contend, yields neither to fear nor anger, desire nor agony; he is at all times master of himself; his courage rises to the heights of chivalry, patriotism, and real heroism.

"Let neither cold, hunger, nor pain, nor the fear of them, neither the bristling teeth of danger nor the very jaws of death itself, prevent you from doing a good deed," said an old chief to a scout who was about to seek the buffalo in midwinter for the relief of a starving people. This was his childlike conception of courage.

http://www.nativepubs.com/nativepubs/Apps/bios/0140DogCrow.asp?pic=none for more information on Crow Dog.

BRITISH SCALP PROCLAMATION: 1756

2007-02-20T11:46:00.000-08:00

""Scalping is the act of removing the scalp, usually with the hair, as a portable proof or trophy of prowess in war. The practice has been known in Europe, Asia and Africa. Scalping is also associated with frontier warfare in North America, and was practiced by Native Americans and white colonists and frontiersmen over centuries of violent conflict.""

Between 1753 and 1756, many skirmishes occurred between the Mi'kmaq and British forces, as could be expected, since many of the Mi'kmaq Districts were still at war with them. However, the reaction of Governor Lawrence in 1756, perhaps in retaliation for the assistance given to the Acadians, was typical of English behaviour towards the Mi'kmaq. The "tribal liability" provisions of the treaties, which branded all Indians guilty, may have also been part of his rationalization when, on May 14, 1756, he issued a scalp proclamation. The bounty offered:

"And, we do hereby promise, by and with the advice and consent of His Majesty's
Council, a reward of 30£ for every male Indian Prisoner, above the age of
sixteen years, brought in alive; or for a scalp of such male Indian twenty-five pounds,
and twenty-five pounds for every Indian woman or child brought in alive: Such
rewards to be paid by the Officer commanding at any of His Majesty's Forts in this
Province, immediately on receiving the Prisoners or Scalps above mentioned,
according to the intent and meaning of this Proclamation."

Native American Authors

2007-02-20T11:07:00.000-08:00

Native North American authors with bibliographies of their published works, biographical information, and links to online resources including interviews, online texts and tribal websites. Currently the website primarily contains information on contemporary Native American authors, although some historical authors are represented.
http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/

Reviews of Books by Native American Authors - Individual Books
http://www.hanksville.org/storytellers/reviews.html

Native American Women
This book list is made primarily of diaries, poems, and overviews by Native American women. These books reflect my own directions rather than a well rounded or fully developed women's history/ women's studies library. This is clearly not an exhaustive list but merely a jumping off point to get you going on your own research. You will find wonderful books such as these in antique malls, rumage sales, old book stores, museum stores, catalogues, and modern book stores.
http://www.wmol.com/whalive/native.htm

Native American Madonnas

2007-02-18T04:41:00.000-08:00

Aymara Madonna and Christ Child.

Lakota Madonna

Fr. Giuliani has produced an astounding number of Madonna representations inspired by Native American culture and art. They come in two series of 14 panels each: one of them is simply called The Madonna Series; the other, The Crow Series, refers more specifically to the Montana based Crow tribe, whose native American name is Absoroke, or "People of the Great Beaked Bird," translated as "Crow." If the Madonna Series highlights a variety of tribal depictions (e.g., Hopi, Sioux, Navajo, Lakota), so The Crow Series offers a whole life of Mary. The following comments concentrate on The Crow Series' icons.

Icons are an expression of the mysteries of the incarnation, the divine becoming human. The key to access the full empowerment of the icon is to surrender to its contemplation, allowing the soul to open up to the revealed Christian mysteries. Fr. Giuliani expanded the traditional rules of iconography to reach out to the Native Americans whose culture Christian arts had left unexplored.

The Crow Series pictures Mary's destiny through her relations to Christ, according to the spiritual significance of the forms, colors and artifacts inherent to the Crow people's religious heritage.

http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/gallery/johngallery.html

Fr. John B. Giuliani was ordained in 1960. He holds an MA in theology from St. John Seminary in Brighton, an MA in classical studies from Fordham and an MA in American Studies from Fairfield University. He resumed his early interest in art at the Benedictine Grange, a small monastic community that he established in 1977 in West Redding, Connecticut. In 1989, he studied icon painting in New York under a master in the Russian Orthodox style before beginning his Giuliani’s works have been exhibited in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, the New Britain Museum of American Art in Connecticut, the Marian Institute in Dayton, Ohio, the Yale Institute of Sacred Music in New Haven, Connecticut and the Aldrich Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Ghost Dance.

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Native Wovoka preached peaceful coexistence.

In the 1970s, the 19th century. When American settlers from Europe over Indian lands in the west of America, boy named Wovoka was an employee. He was born around 1860 in western Nevada, his father was the sorcerer. While Wovoka together with the settlers participated in Christian worship, it has refused to renounce Indian roots. On the eve of a new, in 1889 a solar eclipse, and Wovoka prayed that his people zajil continue. He heard God who told him to lead the Indians to honest, to work for the settlers, but retain their faith and religious ceremonies. Wovoka began preaching the doctrine of peaceful coexistence and personal morality. If the Indians are to pray and to a joint dancing, conquerors disappear, the land was being Lisi buffalo herds, and all the people who recently died, back to life. The last hope, and made a religious movement called . Revelation Vovoki quickly spread among Indians throughout western North America. The idea that the Indians are dancing, smeman conquerors from the face of the earth, nervirovala authorities who feared rebellion especially among Indians the Sioux, inflicting defeat troops of General Castora 14 years earlier. The government has asked the chiefs Sioux abandon movement. December 29, 1890 marked the Vunded-ni, South Dakota, the poorly trained American soldiers and razgnevannami Sioux razgorelossi battle. Soldiers opened fire on vigwamam, killing more than 200 men, women and children. Killed 29 soldiers. Following the mass extermination of the Indians Vunded-ni, the last military action against American Indians, Wovoka continued to preach, that all religions many tribes of North American Indians correct. He was the spiritual leader of thousands of Indians in the valley and beyond. When he died in 1932, the earthquake in the holy land was Mount-grant evidence that the soul Vovoki vozneslaci to heaven.

American Indian Dance Theatre.

2007-02-07T06:59:00.000-08:00

American Indian Dance Theatre is a professional performing arts company presenting the dances and songs of Native Americans in the United States and the First Nations of Canada. The group was founded in 1987 and includes members from many different tribal backgrounds.

"The Joyce Theater has seen many a dance troupe, but never one like this...this program is a fascinating one - filled with male bravura and female virtuosity - a feast for the eye."

- The New York Times

"American Indian Dance Theatre offers a rare illuminating theater experience; for once the audience's standing ovation was deserved."

- The Los Angeles Times

"The group's primal power has helped make these dancers and musicians a sensation from Tucson to Tokyo."

- The Wall Street Journal

" It was thrilling - the profound integration of dance, music and visual design all blended by the ancient symbolism and an almost touching respect for nature."

- Dance Magazine

" The energy, the joy, the colors of the show make a beautiful, often touching, and always spectacular moment in theatre!

- Le Monde

" A hypnotic spectacle!"

- Chicago Tribune

" The Indian Triumph! Dance of elemental beauty and power that transcend the stage."

- The Washington Post

" The most amazing item in the program is the Hoop Dance. The physical dexterity involved is almost incredible. Impressive as this is, there are greater wonders to follow!"

- London Times

" The energy and exploration of a too-long unknown aspect of dance in America makes this program of utmost importance."

- The Denver Post

" Splendid dances that, transferred from their usual outdoor setting, make splendid theater. There is great virtuosity here."

- Boston Globe

" The company displays the pure physical magic of dance."

- Toronto Globe and Mail

" American Indian Dance Theatre has taken its performance traditions out of ordinary settings and placed them respectfully and dramatically in a theater. The effect is like holding a jewel up to the light. A mystical and exhilarating feast for the soul."

- Cleveland Plain Dealer

" A haunting program by the American Indian Dance Theatre-an evening way above folkloric clichés, one of memorable distinction."

- Philadelphia Inquirer
http://www.americanindiandancetheatre.com/

Institute of American Indian Arts

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The Institute of American Indian Arts is a college and museum focused on Native American art. It is situated in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It is congressionally chartered, and was created by an executive order of former American President John F. Kennedy in 1962. It offers two- and four-year undergraduate degrees in museum studies, creative writing, visual communications and studio art. The college offered its first bachelor's degrees in 2001, and in 2006 graduated 43 students.
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The IAIA Museum: Dedicated to showcasing contemporary Native American Fine Art and to training the next generation of Native Museum professional
The IAIA Museum is a vital space for contemporary Native American arts and culture. Its interpretive approach is to design programs based on the Museum’s exhibitions and collections. The viewer can be exposed to the multiple environments in which Indian artists live and create. With this view, the Museum hopes to cut through the conventional discourse of “Contemporary v.s. Traditional” or the “Two Worlds” concepts which tends to sterilize and oversimplify studies in Native American fine art. The IAIA Museum strives to offer the public, instead, a more complex view of contemporary Native art that reflects its diverse cross-cultural influences and explores its complicated historical development through its educational programming.

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2007-01-27T04:53:00.001-08:00

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